This Indonesian case-control study found that environmental and parental lifestyle factors influence cleft lip and palate (CLP) risk. Good kitchen ventilation and treated drinking water were protective, while proximity to industrial sites and paternal passive smoking increased risk. Maternal active smoking appeared marginally protective, and paternal radiation exposure was linked to higher CLP risk. The study highlights the importance of reducing harmful exposures to prevent CLP.
Read full paper : https://doi.org/10.47352/jmans.2774-3047.232
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